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Understanding Learning Timelines for Adults in Second Language Training

Authors

About this report
Cimminnee Holt, Policy Researcher, Provincial Employment Roundtable

Sithandazile Kuzviwanza, Director, Policy and Research, Provincial Employment Roundtable

Morgan Gagnon, Interim Director, Policy and Research, Provincial Employment Roundtable

 

 This report explores the time required for adult learners to achieve functional proficiency in a new language and the factors influencing these timelines. Following Québec’s adoption of Bill 96 in 2022, which designates French as the province’s sole official and working language, understanding the timelines for learning French to integrate into Québec society and workplaces has become a critical area of research. Using mixed research methods, the study finds no consensus on the exact time needed for adults to learn a second language, as it varies based on learner-specific and environmental factors, including their native language, target language, and learning frequency. The analysis of existing language programs shows diverse instructional durations tailored to specific objectives, such as passing exams or securing employment.

Key Findings:

  • The amount of time allocated for individuals to reach functional proficiency in their second language varies significantly across language learning programs. The programs examined had 250 to over 1000 hours of instructional time. 
  • Various learner-specific factors impact learners’ experiences and outcomes in regard to second-language acquisition. These include motivation, time devoted, prior languages, age, disability and neurodivergence. 
  • Environmental factors such as socioeconomic status, the structure and goal of language programs, and a supportive learning environment impact learning outcomes. 
  • Immersive experiences tend to improve spoken proficiency since learners typically engage in spoken exchanges with more proficient speakers.
  • Classroom instruction positively impacts written proficiency as learners have more opportunities to practice written communication and receive feedback. 
  • In workplaces, employers and coworkers can positively impact learning outcomes by developing a workplace culture that embraces language learning.